Elephants
are a cultural symbol in Sri Lanka, so the jumbos are of economic importance.
They play a major role in environmental sustainability and are considered as
ecosystem engineers. Elephant Reintroduction Foundation and Canadian
filmmakers Patricia Sims and Michael Clark initiated the World Elephant Day in
2011 since then the event is marked annually on August 12.The World
Elephant Day has been launched to reiterate the threats to the elephant such as
poaching, habitat loss, and conflict with humans, and mistreatment in
captivity. World Elephant Day urges people to support organizations that are striving
to stop illegal trade of the pachyderm and protect its habitats. The Day enhances
to provide sanctuaries and alternative habitats to enable elephants to live
freely. Elephants are playing an important role in safeguarding a sustainable biodiversity
system. They create habitats for the other species in the ecosystem. When they drop
waste while roaming in search of food, their dung carry seeds across a large
area; feed numerous menial species, and refreshes environment when rain water
absorbed by the underground through their stomping.

The most severe threat to elephants is global illegal trade. In recent years
illegal trade has increased enormously so much so that more than 100 elephants loss
their lives daily in some parts of the world. Asian elephants are killed for the
skin as it is of commercial and medical value. Increasing human settlements have
exploited the habitats of the elephant, and the situation has caused conflict
between the man and the elephant. In addition, elephants have already been suffering
the climate change impacts such as flood and drought.
The Climate Smart Irrigated Agriculture Project (CSIAP) of the Ministry of
Agriculture mainly funded by the World Bank has pledged
to improve climate
resilience among farmer community thereby increasing the productivity of the irrigated
agriculture. The project has planned to cover over 375,000 ha in some selected
climatically vulnerable hotspot areas in 11
districts in Northern, Eastern, North Central, North Western, Southern and Uva
provinces in Sri Lanka.

The
human-elephant conflict is significant in all the CSIAP hotspot areas. Economic
and population growth has imposed huge demands and pressure on wildlife
resources and their habitats in these areas. The expansion of human settlements
to the elephant habitats is a common scenario in all hotspot areas, in such a
background the conflict between the man and the animal is inevitable. The decline
in elephant habitats exploits natural food sources from the animals that compel
elephants to roam into nearby villages in search of food. Consequent to this,
the relationship between the man and the elephant is deteriorated thereby
posing a threat to both the man and the elephant. As the main objective of the
CSIAP is to improve the productivity of irrigated agriculture, it is a
challenge before the Project to establish a coexistence mechanism between the human
beings and the elephants because the cultivation in the hotspot area is often
threatened by wild animals especially the elephants. To mitigate the conflict the
project has planned a direct coexistence mechanism that would bring long-term
solution to human-elephant conflict. Under this plan the CSIAP is focusing on
management efforts on site-specific considerations as well as the formulation
and application of strategic plans at the landscape level that directly address
underlying anthropogenic drivers and their Spatio-temporal variation.
The
CSIAP Agro ecological Landscape Resilience Plan (ALRP) has proposed
to study the seriousness of human elephant conflict over the last 10
years. Particular emphasis has been given on the number and intensity that
exist in its landscape today, and how it will increase and intensify with the
agricultural expansion and productivity improvement. Mapping of the potential
movements of the elephants has suggested mitigation measures. These maps would
help identify the intensity of the conflict and the places prone to the threat, existing
elephant corridors, and current elephant movement patterns within the area.
Further, the ALRP would study the people’s attitudes on human elephant
conflict, traditional knowledge and practices on mitigation such conflicts and
evaluate the current status of the existing electric fences and the locations,
effectiveness, and gives a recommendation for their improvements.
In
order to avoid intensifying of conflict between the man and the animal,
innovative landscape level strategies and 479 km long extent “Community owned
village/paddy fencing” will be set up in ten districts where wildlife and
humans can co-exist in the same landscape. 7265 persons will be benefited by
the bio fencing to be set up at a cost of Rs.39.3 million. The CSIAP has already
identified 114 units of bio fencings in hotspot areas. The bio fencing program
has several activities such as community awareness on maintenance of fencing,
protection of elephants and people and long-term coexistence. The CSIAP
promotes the man and elephant co-existence within hotspot areas while promoting
environmental conservation in the tank-based cascades.
Written by Dr. Janaka Jayawardena, Environmental and
Social Safeguard Specialist, CSIAP, on behalf of the World Elephant Day.